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Emergence of UNIX and Linux
UNIX and Linux operating systems have emerged as a platform capable of supporting and being used
on a variety of hardware architectures. Commercial, open source,
and no-cost distributions of UNIX and Linux provide cost control and flexibility in long term planning.
The first generations of the UNIX operating system in the early
1980's were used primarily as servers in business enterprise and as workstations in academic and engineering environments. It took years for UNIX to
gain acceptance in commercial use and this breakthrough resulted from high reliability and price/performance advantages, not the availability of applications.
Ultimately, this led to broad adoption of RISC/UNIX systems. Both Hewlett-Packard and IBM
arrived at the decision to develop and extend a UNIX-variant operating systems for utilization on their own proprietary hardware
platforms. Sun Microsystems developed Solaris-UNIX to run on
both its SPARC hardware and other types of hardware, including x86 servers and PCs. POSIX was developed to provide standardization across the UNIX-variants. Over the past decade, Linux
deployments have to a significant degree been replacing UNIX in
system infrastructure software. The Linux kernel is being used in the
leading Linux-variant operating systems: Red
Hat, SUSE, and Ubuntu.
IBM Corporation's strategy to extend its mainframe computing strengths in security and always-on availability makes extensive use of both
UNIX and Linux. Improvements in performance and energy
efficiency aside, the most significant change with the new IBM mainframe hardware is data center integration. This new design provides for blending tasks and parceling out parts of a complex application. The data and transaction is managed on the mainframe with the real-time processing performed by
a
UNIX or Linux computer system.
UNIX and Linux Server Operating Systems
All versions of UNIX combined - IBM AIX, HP-UX, and Oracle Solaris have approximately 10% of the market share. Marketing studies indicate that IBM's AIX UNIX is currently the most
reliable and highest rated server operating system. Linux' market share now represents about 30% of the installed base. Linux overall reliability has improved substantially. The three
leading distributions, Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
SUSE Linux,
and Ubuntu Linux, score high in reliability and have achieved near
parity with UNIX distributions. Microsoft Windows Servers account for about 60% of the worldwide server operating system market. There is far less disparity now in the number and severity of unplanned outages and actual downtime that organization's experience
on standard UNIX, Linux, and MS Windows platforms.1 CETi
Technology Partners report that most organizations utilize commercial distributions
in combination with free no cost distributions of Linux.
Linux in the Mainstream
The selection and utilization of the Linux operating system has
resulted from 1- reliable code 2- low cost, 3- enhancements to the x86 server, workstation,
and laptop
hardware.
Linux has become a mainstream solution for supporting deployments of
business-critical workloads and business-oriented applications
across a variety of hardware architectures. The initial
Linux operating system incrementally replaced the infrastructure workloads
being performed by UNIX or MS Windows servers.
Linux has a substantial and growing use as a base platform
for servers, database, middleware, and web application services.
Operational infrastructure and client support requirements have led to
implementations of Linux by
leading hardware and software companies such as Amazon, eBay,
Google, Motorola, and Twitter. These companies are also investing in
Linux to develop
cloud computing operations.
Dell and Hewlett-Packard market Linux-based desktop and laptop
computers. Hewlett-Packard also has invested in HP-Linux and is
open-sourcing the Linux-based webOS mobile operating system. Application software providers and ISV: Independent
Software Vendor’s support the Linux platform and promote deployment.
Market studies project a steady growth for Linux; it is being
driven by the reliability of Linux-variant server and workstation
operating system code, data center virtualization, cloud computing
operations, and software which allows Linux to run Microsoft
applications. The shift in workloads to Linux operating system
deployments will continue.
Microsoft
Software: Competition and Integration
Microsoft has been in a longstanding competition for migrating UNIX to its MS Windows Server and Windows family operating systems. The Microsoft UNIX migration readily can be applied to migrating Linux-variant operating systems. Microsoft has extended the featureset of the Windows family operating system, Windows Server 2008/2012, SharePoint Server, and PowerShell for integration with the
leading Linux-variants: Red Hat, SUSE, and Ubuntu. SUSE has been designated by Microsoft as its preferred Linux-variant. Linux administrators have started
using MS Windows Server Group Policy to expedite deployments and patch installations on SUSE and other Linux-variant operating systems.
Google Android and Chrome Operating Systems
The immense growth of mobile computing devices - smartphones and tablets also is driving the adoption of the Linux operating system. Google Corporation has brought to market two
Linux-based operating systems: Android and Chrome. The Google strategy is based upon the assumption that the operating systems address different markets:
- Android for mobile computing
devices.
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- Google Chrome for
software as a service and cloud computing.
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Google acquired the Android operating system from Android, Inc. It is a Linux-variant operating system for use on mobile computing devices;
it is a major component in the Google Corporation strategy to provide a unified mobile world. Android is open source software and has been made available to third party smartphone hardware
manufacturers. This approach has served to make Android the leading operating system for smartphones at the low to middle range of the market. Android also has been adopted as the base platform for specialized Amazon and Barnes and Noble tablet devices and e-readers. In 2011, Google acquired Motorola Mobility, a maker of
Android smartphones and tablets. This provides Google with the patents and hardware manufacturing capability to emulate portions of the Apple business model by designing its own models and integrating
the software with the firmware. The goal is to compete with the Apple iPhone and iPad with improved Android smartphones and tablets. Derived from the OS X operating system used on Apple computers, the
iOS is a UNIX mobile operating system used on iPhone and iPad devices.
The Chrome OS has been developed from a version of Ubuntu-Linux and has been designed and coded by Google. The target audience for Chrome is computer users spending most of their time on the Internet. It's
functionality has Internet applications and web apps executing through a web browser. Google executives have suggested that over time the two systems will likely converge. However, the two operating
systems have been built from different code bases. Despite the growing convergence of the devices, this will issue will become more problematic as new hardware is brought to market.
At the current time, Google Chrome is clearly a work in progress.
UNIX and Linux Training by SYS-EDSYS-ED knows UNIX and Linux. And equally as important, we know how to teach UNIX and
Linux. Our consultants were among the original cadre of UNIX proponents and practitioners.2 We developed and taught C programs to a generation of programmers, were involved with the superset of functions which became
C++, and wrote hand-outs and instructor guides for X Windows and Motif interfaces.
SYS-ED teaches:
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- Migration from a Microsoft operating system and UNIX operating systems to Linux.
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- UNIX and Linux programming and utilities courses for application developers:
C,
Bourne Shell,and
Korn Shell.
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Oracle database, WebLogic
Server, and Java application development on UNIX-Solaris
and Linux-variant operating systems.
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- DB2 and WebSphere MQ on both UNIX- and Linux-variant base operating system platforms in IBM mainframe and distributed environments.
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- Guidelines for service oriented architecture on the IBM mainframe, Oracle, and MS .NET platforms.
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In UNIX and Linux courses, students learn by doing: installation, configuration, administration, problem resolution, and scripting.
After a course is over, students are welcome to ask
questions which come up back on the job.
Specialized courses and integrated programs can be conducted on-site
at the client location. ion. New courses are being developed for teaching Linux as a base platform and component in virtualization and cloud computing infrastructure.
Courseware Superior by DesignReference material which explains and demonstrates is fundamental to an effective training experience.
The
consensus is that the documentation provided with open source software does not provide quality and completeness comparable to commercial
software. In order to address this shortcoming and the scarcity of
up to date industry standard UNIX and Linux textbooks. Computer Education
Technique reviews information in the public domain
distributed by
purveyors of open source software, international standards committees, and
software companies.
We perform our own independent analysis of white papers, benchmarks,
and software updates. Subject matter is then selectively
incorporated into our student hand-outs. 3
In conjunction with presenting an instructor-led course at the client location, courseware is organized for subsequent use in a web-based infrastructure and delivery medium.
Qualifying a Training Assignment
SYS-ED will not accept a UNIX or Linux training assignment without a consultation with the prospective client organization. We review the background of the employees to be trained, operating environment,
documented standards, and project specifications, and then use that information to select the code snippets, examples, skeleton programs, and hands-on exercises. We then prepare a training strategy: lesson plan, modular courseware, training aids, and validation assessment. And when not confident that
a superior training outcome can be provided, SYS-ED will politely turn down an assignment.
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In order to review and print course topics, prices, and dates, invoke the Search button. |
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Courseware for Teaching
The Computer Education Techniques courseware used in SYS-ED courses consists of modular extensible student hand-outs, training aids, and industry-specific examples and
exercises. At the client discretion an industry standard textbook and accompanying presentation slides can be utilized. The
CETi knowledge base aggregates and analyzes information in the public domain. It also is a service for reviewing and answering questions. Content is selectively added to courseware.
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Web-based Training Services |
Courseware as Learning Center |
Selection of Delivery Medium |
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UNIX and Linux Variant Operating Systems
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| UNIX Operating System |
Migration from UNIX to Linux |
Linux-variants |
Most UNIX operating systems are a complete operating system with the code, applications, and
utilities provided by a single source or vendor; there is a commercial license with contractual requirements, charges, and restrictions. There are indications that changes may be occurring
with the UNIX software model; OpenSolaris UNIX is available free of charge. The Open Group manages the UNIX trademark licensing program.
IBM AIX, Hewlett-Packard HP-UX, and Oracle Sun Solaris are the leading UNIX operating systems; each has hardware platforms. IBM and Oracle UNIX operating systems were designed initially to be integrated
with product line strategies. There are significant differences in the kernel, configuration, process management, virtualization, performance, and tuning. From an operational standpoint, there
can be a degree of hardware vendor lock-in associated with the UNIX operating system.
A firewall is not a standard inclusion in the UNIX operating system; it may be necessary to purchase third party software. Generic UNIX tools used for backing up the system portion of data will not work on Linux distributions. UNIX and Linux have different sets of tools for backing up data to tape and other backup media. Although there are
common tools used in both operating systems, problems have been reported when using generic UNIX/Linux utilities such as tar and cpio between different platforms. Both UNIX and Linux provide a system
initialization script; however, they are located in different directories. |
| In relation to a UNIX-variant operating
system, Linux can provide a lower total cost of ownership and
better return on investment. Migration to Linux typically allows
for operation with fewer CPUs and results in annual savings on
software database licenses. There are Linux-variants which can
be used on the same hardware platform as an existing UNIX base
operating system. This can be a significant advantage when
managing virtualization and logical partitioning across both
UNIX and Linux operating system platforms. Remaining on a
hardware platform also removes issues associated with endianness. |
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The Linux kernel and operating system has been built upon and coded from the UNIX architecture and code base. It was written by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a dispersed team of programmers. Developed based upon open source principles, Linux provides modularity and independence from a commercial software vendor for an organizational
enterprise to establish and manage its own operating system deployment and patches.
Linux distributions include a: 1- GUI: graphical user interface system 2- GNU utilities cp, mv, ls, date, bash, etc. 3- Installation and management tools 4- GNU c/c++ compilers 5- Editors (vi) 6- A variety of applications such as Firefox web browser and OpenOffice suite. Linux is available for download free of charge; it
also is selectively redistributed under a GNU: General Public License. Linux comes with a open source netfilter/iptables based firewall tool for protecting a server and desktop. The independence of the Linux
kernel and its inclusion in the GNU General Public License provides flexibility and alternative Linux-variant base operating system choices for implementation into an existing software infrastructure. Linux can
be installed on x-86 desktop and servers, HP Itanium, X64 AMD Opteron-based systems, Sun Ultra SPARC, and IBM
IBM Power and mainframe systems. There is significant free and commercial fee-based community
support for the leading Linux-variant distributions: Red Hat and Fedora Linux, SUSE Linux - Attachmate/Novell, Ubuntu Linux - Canonical, and Android mobile device operating system - Google.
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Where Can I Find Quality UNIX
and Linux Training? The typical comments were: |
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1. |
That
is extremely difficult to find UNIX and Linux training which addresses
the multi-functional requirements of business professionals, webmasters,
and information technology professionals;
UNIX - Solaris,
Linux, and
Google apps / Android, training options are limited. |
Portfolio of UNIX and Linux Clients
New York State Department
of Education Standards |
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2. |
That
there is a scarcity of fast-track UNIX and Linux courses, 5 days or
fewer in duration, geared to corporations and their employees, which can
be tailored to a specific UNIX- and Linux- variant. |
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3. |
That a
high percentage of UNIX and Linux courses are cancelled. |
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4. |
That
travel costs and living expenses in a majority of situations are a
significant constraint
when it comes to attending a UNIX- or Linux-variant course. |
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5. |
That
it is important to have a resource for
asking UNIX-
and Linux- variant questions once the training is complete. |
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Our response to these questions: |
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Yes,
SYS-ED offers multiple level of UNIX and Linux training:
fundamentals,
installation and support,
network administration,
scripting and shell programming and
application development. |
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Yes,
SYS-ED has taught UNIX and Linux since their initial releases and offers
integrated fast-track
Linux- and
UNIX-variant training programs. |
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Yes,
we have the
flexibility and resources to conduct
personalized training for
small groups. We very rarely cancel courses. |
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UNIX-
and Linux-variant courses are available in multiple formats:
classroom, distance-learning, and
blended web-based delivery. |
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Upon
completion of a SYS-ED course, our staff is available to
answer UNIX
and Linux questions. |
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been conducting courses in the public domain since 1980; however, there
have been changes in the
laws and regulations governing computer training in the state of New
York. The schedule on our websites reflects a projected time frame
for licensure with the New York State Department of Education - Bureau
of Proprietary School Supervision and submission and approval of
curriculum. It will be updated quarterly. |
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News for Immediate Release!
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UNIX and
Linux Training Programs
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Longstanding Consultancy Experience
in Information Technology |
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SYS-ED’s UNIX and Linux training programs provide the knowledge and skillset to perform specific tasks.
These UNIX and Linux training programs have been designed to provide:
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Business professionals with the framework and experience to utilize the
open source alternatives to Microsoft Office:
StarOffice,
OpenOffice, and
Google Apps. |
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Support personnel with the knowledge and skillset to perform administrative tasks on a UNIX-
and Linux- variant network and code and debug scripts with the popular shells. |
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Application developers with the fundamental skills and experience to develop UNIX
and Linux applications with C/C++ and API's for mobile devices. |
The instruction utilizes the
full complement of training methodologies to address the client's operational objectives, the geographic location of the audience, as well as
scheduling and class size requirements.
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UNIX Training Programs and Boot Camps
SYS-ED offers industry standard UNIX- and
Linux- variant training programs. A base program training program can be augmented with subject matter from the
course search engine.
The training programs reflect an independent
assessment of purveyors of open source software, software company, and emerging
trends.
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UNIX and Linux - Fundamentals |
Emerging Trends
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UNIX Operations and Network Administration
- Solaris |
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UNIX: Fundamentals - Level 1 |
UNIX: Fundamentals - Level 2 |
UNIX- and Linux- variants |
Solaris 11 Operating System |
Solaris: System Administration |
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Linux: Installation, Configuration, and Support |
UNIX: Shell Programming |
Migration: Oracle Solaris to Red Hat Linux |
Solaris: Network Administration |
Solaris 11: New Features |
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Internetworking Microsoft, Linux, and UNIX |
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Distance-learning
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| UNIX and Linux Scripting
and Programming |
UNIX Application Development |
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Perl Programming |
Perl Database and Programming |
UNIX for Application Developers
- Level 1 |
UNIX for Application Developers
- Level 2 |
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UNIX Environment: C Programming |
C++ Programming |
Perl Programming |
Perl Programming
- Advanced |
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C++ Programming and Design - Advanced |
UNIX, Linux, and Win32 Networks:
Perl Programming
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Apache
Web Server:
Installation and
Administration |
UNIX Server Administration |
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Perl Programming
- Advanced |
C Programming - Advanced |
UNIX and Linux: Programming |
Korn Shell Programming: UNIX |
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| Red Hat Linux |
SUSE Linux |
Ubuntu
Linux |
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Red Hat Linux |
Red Hat Linux System Administration |
SUSE Linux Fundamentals |
SUSE Linux Enterprise: Fundamentals |
Ubuntu Linux Desktop for Users |
Ubuntu Linux Desktop Support |
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Red Hat Linux Network Administration
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Fedora Linux: Introduction
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SUSE Linux Administration |
SUSE Linux Enterprise: Administration |
Linux Installation,
Configuration, and Support |
Ubuntu Linux Server
Administration |
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Red Hat Linux Essentials |
Red Hat Linux Enterprise Deployment and Systems
Management |
SUSE Linux Administration - Advanced |
SUSE Linux Troubleshooting |
UNIX, Linux, and MS Windows:
Diagnostics and Tuning |
Linux TCP/IP Networking Services |
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Red Hat Linux Enterprise System Monitoring and
Performance Tuning |
Red Hat Linux Networking
and Security Administration |
Linux Performance and Tuning |
Linux Server Management |
UNIX and Linux: Security |
UNIX and Linux: Optimization and Troubleshooting
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MS SharePoint 2010: Architecture, Design, and Implementation |
MS SharePoint Server 2010: Administration |
MS Windows Server 2012: Installation and Configuration
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MS Windows Server 2012: Administration |
MS Windows Server 2008: Active Directory Domain Services |
MS Windows Server 2008: Administration |
The shaded gray cells indicates: 1- Interrelated areas of
networking where Linux-variant desktop and web servers are being
integrated into Microsoft Active Directory infrastructures. 2- Linux server
management and performance optimization courses which apply both to
Linux-variants and the SUSE and Ubuntu operating system. 3- Courses for extending
industry standard training programs.
UNIX and Linux Training in New York
UNIX and Linux Courses in New York
SYS-ED's UNIX and Linux
courses are tough, but they're worth it. Our challenging "hands-on" UNIX and Linux training provides a foundation and framework for Fortune 1000 companies, government municipalities, healthcare providers, software houses, and consulting companies to meet their own UNIX and Linux staffing requirements and acquire specialized UNIX and Linux skillsets. 1
Courseware
SYS-ED's UNIX and Linux courseware is highly respected. We draw upon our extensive library of courseware, sample programs and case studies to explain,
demonstrate, and teach the real-world UNIX and Linux. Our UNIX and Linux curricula are updated to include both industry standard content and the new features and facilities. We have the capability to provide tailored workshops to a client-specific
UNIX and Linux platform: AIX, Solaris, Red Hat, Fedora, SUSE, and Ubuntu.
Teaching is Our Business
Most computer training companies are divisions of large software or consulting companies. Not SYS-ED. Our only goal is to provide top-quality computer training for highly motivated professionals-no more and no
less. Because
we're independent, we're free to concentrate on teaching - and since 1980 we have been doing it very well.
Our Teachers Know How to Teach
SYS-ED instructors
combine teaching skills with broad practical experience as consultants. Our instructors average 30 years of experience in the UNIX
and Linux environments - operating system, network administration, and programming. And they know how to teach it. We teach not only "how to", but "why", building a solid foundation in
fundamentals and insights into advanced materials. After a course, they're available to
answer questions.
Enrollment - SYS-ED UNIX and Linux Courses are Not for Everyone
No one is allowed to enroll in a SYS-ED UNIX and Linux course, without a consultation with our Director of Education. We review the operational objectives and project specifications for the organization evaluating whether to
send its employee for the training. The employee is Only allowed to register if they have the background corresponding to the UNIX- and Linux-variant learning path:
UNIX,
Solaris, and
Linux job function learning path.
UNIX
and Linux Training in New York, at Your Office, or
via the Web
SYS-ED UNIX and Linux courses are held at our training center in Manhattan and in conjunction with CETi Technology Partners in North America and Europe. If you prefer, we'll arrange
tailored UNIX and Linux training on-site at your organization’s facilities inclusive of mobile computer classroom set-up. On-site UNIX and Linux courses can include the identical workshops, case studies, and hands-on approach as the training we offer in New York.
For additional information including outlines, availability of private courses, references, and course customization, contact David Shapiro at our New York office at 212-564-9147 or
register online.
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Technology Exchange Websites |
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SYS-ED's websites compile, organize, and present software specific and established operational categorizations of information technology. They provide a framework for
assessing knowledge transfer: web-based training, classroom instruction, courseware, learning paths, and validation assessment. |
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www.unixtrainingbysysed.us/commquests.htm |
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Footnote 1:
Source - Yankee Group Global Server Operating System
Reliability Surveys.
Footnote 2:
David Silverberg and David Shapiro were both among the first wave of technologist and programmers who evaluated the UNIX operating system and designed and coded C programs. Dave Silverberg was coding programs and reviewing
source code and later taught classes at Bell Laboratories. David Shapiro, in conjunction with classmates at Union College and Cornell University, became familiar with the capabilities and long term potential of low level
programming languages, and early versions of both UNIX and BASIC.
Footnote 3:
SYS-ED’s core UNIX curriculum has been submitted to the New York State Department of Education - Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision for review.
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